急性脑膨出预防模式在幕上重型颅脑外伤治疗中的应用及脑膨出危险因素分析

目的探讨急性脑膨出预防模式在幕上重型颅脑外伤（sTBI）大骨瓣减压术中的应用及脑膨出危险因素。 方法选取郴州市第一人民医院神经外科自2016年5月至2018年5月收治的行大骨瓣减压术治疗幕上sTBI的患者130例，根据随机数字表法分成对照组（65例）、观察组（65例）。对照组仅进行常规术前准备，观察组采用急性脑膨出预防模式。比较2组患者急性脑膨出发生率，术后随访6个月，利用GOS评分评价患者的预后。采用单因素与Logistic多因素分析急性脑膨出的危险因素。 结果观察组急性脑膨出发生率（9.23%）低于对照组（23.08%），差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组预后良好率（75.38%）显著高于对照组（56.92%），差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。Logistic回归模型提示GCS评分（3~5分）、无急性脑膨出预防模式、迟发型出血、弥漫性脑肿胀、脑挫伤是急性脑膨出的危险因素（P<0.05）。采用急性脑膨出预防模式是预防急性脑膨出的保护性因素（P<0.05）。 结论急性脑膨出预防模式的应用能降低幕上sTBI患者急性脑膨出发生率，可提高预后良好率，且急性脑膨出的发生与GCS评分（3~5分）、无急性脑膨出预防模式、迟发型出血、弥漫性脑肿胀、脑挫伤有关。     

Variables associated with subjective cognitive change among Iraq and Afghanistan war Veterans with blast-related mild traumatic brain injury

Introduction: This study investigated variables associated with subjective decline in executive function among Veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom, Iraqi Freedom, and New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND) following a history of blast-related mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI).

Method: Fifty-six male U.S. Veterans (M_Age = 35.3 ± 8.8 years) with a history of blast-related mTBI (6.6 ± 3.2 years post injury) completed a battery of self-report questionnaires and neuropsychological measures. Participants rated current and retrospectively estimated pre-mTBI executive function difficulties on the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe). A difference score (post- minus pre-mTBI ratings) was the dependent variable (?FrSBe). Linear regression models examined variables predicting ?FrSBe, including: pre-injury characteristics (education, premorbid intelligence), injury-related characteristics (number of blast exposures, losses of consciousness), post-injury clinical symptoms (PTSD Checklist–Military version; Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), and post-injury neuropsychological performances on executive function measures (Trail Making Test Part B; Controlled Oral Word Association Test; Auditory Consonant Trigrams; Wisconsin Card Sorting Test).

Results: While 11% of participants had a clinically elevated pre-injury FrSBe total score, 82% had a clinically elevated post-injury FrSBe total score. Only self-reported PTSD symptom severity independently predicted perceived change in executive function.

Conclusions: Many OEF/OIF/OND Veterans with a history of blast-related mTBI experience subjective decline in executive function following injury. Perceived executive function decline was associated with higher PTSD symptom severity, aligning with previous research associating PTSD with cognitive complaints. Results did not support a correspondence between perceived cognitive change and neuropsychological performances.     

Felbamate produces antidepressant‐like actions in the chronic unpredictable mild stress and chronic social defeat stress models of depression

Felbamate is an anticonvulsant used in the treatment of epilepsy. In this study, we investigated the antidepressant‐like actions of felbamate in mice. The effects of felbamate were first assessed using the forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST), and then investigated in the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) models of depression. The changes in the hippocampal brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling cascade after chronic stress and felbamate treatment were also examined. It was found that felbamate exhibited antidepressant‐like activities in the FST and TST without affecting the locomotor activity of mice. Felbamate was also effective in both the CUMS and CSDS models of depression. Moreover, felbamate administration fully restored the decreased hippocampal BDNF signaling pathway in both the CUMS‐stressed and CSDS‐stressed mice. Collectively, felbamate has antidepressant‐like actions in mice involving the hippocampal BDNF system.     

Constructing robust selves after brain injury: positive identity work among members of a female self-help group

Despite common experiences of identity damage, decline, and deterioration, many brain injury survivors succeed in reconstructing robust identities in the wake of injury. Yet, while this accomplishment greatly benefits survivors’ quality of life, little is known about how positive identity work might be facilitated or enhanced in therapeutic institutions. Drawing on data from a women’s self-help group, we argue that an egalitarian, reflective, strength-focused, and gender-segregated environment can provide female ABI (acquired brain injury) survivors with a fertile scene for identity enhancement and offer unique opportunities for collective identity development. Sociolinguistic interactional analysis revealed four types of positive identity work undertaken within the group: constructing competent selves; tempering the threat of loss and impairment; resisting infantilisation and delegitimisation; and asserting a collective gender identity. This identity work was facilitated by specific programme attributes and activities and contributed to the global project of decentring disability and destigmatising impairments and losses. We call for increased attention to identity issues in brain injury rehabilitation and argue that gender-segregated programming can provide a unique space for female survivors to construct empowering individual and collective identities after injury.     

A scoping review of the working alliance in acquired brain injury rehabilitation

Purpose: The aim was to review the empirical literature to determine the nature and breadth of research into the working alliance in acquired brain injury (ABI) rehabilitation.

Methods: A scoping review was conducted, beginning with a systematic search of relevant databases using key search terms. Studies with a focus on the role of the working alliance in shaping rehabilitation outcomes, and factors influencing perceptions of the working alliance were included and key information extracted.

Results: A total of 10 quantitative studies met inclusion criteria. In most studies, ratings of the working alliance were compared with other process variables or outcome measures. The working alliance was linked to positive activity and participation outcomes, including return to work, school, and driving. Client related factors such as age, level of education and approach to rehabilitation tasks were associated with client and therapist perceptions of the working alliance.

Conclusions: The working alliance emerged as a complex process that interacts with many factors and processes at play in the rehabilitation environment. Notwithstanding the limitations of the research base, findings indicate that enhancement of the working alliance may indeed influence rehabilitation outcomes. Allowing time for the development of the working alliance, and consideration of factors such as therapist skill, may support therapists to strengthen their alliances in ABI rehabilitation.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• Allowing time for the development of the working alliance has the potential to enhance the alliance and thereby influence rehabilitation outcomes.

• Factors such as the client’s age and level of education may influence the strength of the working alliance, and hence, awareness of these factors may assist clinicians in maintaining strong alliances with all clients.

• A strong working alliance is possible in the presence of client cognitive impairment, however, the skill of the therapist may be important in managing the potential impact of cognitive impairment on the working alliance.

     

糖尿病黄斑水肿患者病变程度与脉络膜厚度的关系

目的　利用频域光学相干断层扫描深度增强（enhanced depth imaging spectral domain optical coherence tomography，EDI SD-OCT）观察糖尿病黄斑水肿（diabetic macular edema，DME）患者脉络膜厚度（choroidal thickness，CT）的变化及结构特点，探讨DME病变程度与CT的关系。方法　纳入2型糖尿病患者共123例204眼，其中69眼诊断为DME（DME组），135眼无黄斑水肿为对照组。DME眼依据OCT形态学特点进一步分为视网膜弥漫性增厚（diffuse retinal thickness，DRT）型（34眼）、黄斑囊样水肿（cystoid macular edema，CME）型（19眼）和浆液性视网膜脱离（serous retinal detachment，SRD）型（16眼），利用EDI-OCT分别测量黄斑中心凹下CT和以黄斑为中心上、下、鼻、颞500 μm、1000 μm、1500 μm、2000 μm处CT。结果　DME组黄斑中心凹下CT为（326.72±90.15）μm，对照组为（320.17±106.46）μm，两组之间无统计学差异，但黄斑中心凹下CT与视网膜厚度间具有明显正相关关系（r=0.270，P=0.025）。DME亚型CT分别为:DRT型（303.94±81.47）μm、CME型（304.42±73.98）μm和SRD型（401.63±88.80）μm，SRD型CT明显高于其他亚型（P<0.05），此外，SRD型的周边CT同样呈现均匀一致的增厚；鼻侧CT从500 μm至2000 μm呈距离敏感性降低（P<0.05），但SRD型鼻侧CT降低幅度明显变缓（P=0.195）。结论　SRD型黄斑水肿患者CT在中心凹下及周边部均显著增厚，CT与DME病变程度之间有一定相关性。     

基于脑肠肽Ghrelin水平探讨远志散对AD大鼠学习记忆能力及进食量的影响

目的:通过制备阿尔茨海默病(AD)大鼠模型,观察远志散对模型大鼠胃促生长素(Ghrelin)表达水平的调控,探讨其防治AD的可能作用机制。方法:采用随机数字表法将120只SD大鼠分为6组,分别为假手术组,模型组,多奈哌齐组(1.02 mg·kg~(-1)),远志散高、中、低剂量组(12,6,3 g·kg~(-1)),每组20只,雌雄各半。除假手术组注射同等剂量生理盐水,其余各组大鼠双侧海马立体定向注射β淀粉样蛋白1-40(Aβ1-40)诱导AD大鼠模型。连续灌胃治疗10周,观察并记录各组大鼠进食量。灌胃结束后通过Morris水迷宫法检测大鼠学习记忆能力,留取全脑和胃体胃窦,苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察海马CA1区病理改变,免疫组化法检测Ghrelin表达。结果:与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠逃避潜伏期显著延长(P0.01),穿越站台次数、有效区域停留时间及运动路程均显著减少(P0.01),海马CA1区细胞排列紊乱、数量减少、胞核固缩,雌雄大鼠进食量明显下降(P0.05,P0.01),海马CA1区、胃黏膜组织中Ghrelin蛋白表达显著降低(P0.01)。与模型组比较,远志散各剂量组大鼠逃避潜伏期均有不同程度的缩短(P0.05,P0.01),穿越站台次数、有效区域停留时间及运动路程均增加(P0.05,P0.01),海马CA1区细胞数目与形态有明显改善,远志散高、中剂量组雌雄大鼠每日进食量显著增加(P0.05,P0.01);远志散各剂量组大鼠海马CA1区、胃黏膜组织Ghrelin蛋白表达明显增加(P0.05,P0.01)。结论:远志散能够有效改善AD大鼠学习记忆能力,增加每日进食量,其机制可能与其上调海马CA1区及胃黏膜组织Ghrelin含量有关。